Classical Civilizations of Ancient Greece, Rome, and China

Throughout history, there have been many civilizations, empires, colonies, and tribes that have impacted the world. The civilizations of Greece, Rome, and China have done this, but what sets them apart from the others is their lasting significance and lasting impact they had on the world. For this reason, they are considered classical civilizations. To describe how Greece, Rome, and Han China are classical, there are three systems that are used; these are Economic, Social, and Political. Out of these three classical civilizations, Greece came first in history.An important invention of Greece was its plumbing systems. Greece was the first to create plumbing and now it is almost unheard of for a house anywhere on earth to not have a plumbing system. This innovation falls under the economic category. The most important social feature from ancient Greeks would be philosophy. After the Peloponnesian Wars, many people began questioning themselves and their beliefs. During this time, many p hilosophers were living in Greece. One of the most important was Socrates. He encouraged people to examine their beliefs.When he was 70, he was taken to trial for â€Å"corrupting the youth of Athens† and â€Å"neglecting the city’s gods. † He was put to death by poison. Some historians say that the fall of Athens started with his death. Plato, one of Socrates’ students, wrote a book about Plato’s vision of a perfectly governed society. Plato’s writings dominated philosophic thought in Europe for almost 1,500 years. Then there was Aristotle, a student of Plato’s. Aristotle invented a method of logic which is the foundation for the scientific method of today.Even Greece’s philosophy was very influential on future civilizations, democracy is considered Greece’s most important contribution to modern society. Democracy, under the political system, is a government controlled by its citizens, either directly or through represe ntatives. Greece was the first to have this type of government. America, along with many other countries, borrowed this idea from Greece when creating their governments. Next on the timeline is Rome. Ancient Rome, like America, borrowed many ideas from the Greeks to create and advance structural ideas.In this way, they adapted their plumbing systems, but improved it by inventing public latrines. We might think of this as an advancement, but Rome had areas where pots were placed in a circle to go to the bathroom, and the waste would drop down into a river or stream (the plumbing system). This was a huge improvement in their sanitary conditions. The Romans acquired other ideas from places other than Greece. In the political division, there was the Roman law where its standards were extremely influenced by the teachings of Stoic philosophers.The principles were based on common sense and practical ideas. Much of modern laws, including the legal systems of many European countries along w ith the United States, have been influenced by the long lasting Roman law. Again with importance, Rome’s agriculture and trade played a big role in Roman life. Agriculture was the most important industry in the empire and everything else depended on it. Most Romans relied on the food grown in their local area and all other food and luxuries were only for the rich and they got them through trade.Rome, being along the Mediterranean Sea, had a enormous trading system and also had roads connecting it to far off places such as Persia and southern Russia. And connecting this huge empire was its sole language, the Latin language. Latin, in the social system, had a major influence on some major languages of the world, including French, Italian, Spanish, and English. Along with Rome’s unified currency know as the Denarius, the Latin language helped unify the civilization by linking diverse people and far away areas.Ancient China’s occurrence overlapped Rome’s, but started afterward, so last would fall China. In comparison with Rome, China had a large trading network. They both built roads to build their networks too. China’s commerce was very important to the Han Empire. When the Empire realized valuable their silk was as an item of trade, they kept their production technique a secret. The demand for silk from China increased. This increase of demand expanded Chinese commerce reaching all the way through Asia and India, all the way to Rome.As trade would fall in the Economic category, China’s bureaucracy and civil service would fall in the Social category. A bureaucracy is a system of departments and agencies that formed o carry out the work of government and a civil service is when people are paid to work within a civilization/country’s government. The bureaucracy of China included eighteen different ranks of civil service jobs that civilians could obtain by taking examinations. But if someone wanted to take one of thes e tests, they would have much more of a chance if they went to the school that Wudi set up.In this school, people studied Confucius’s works. These schools were expensive so only sons of wealthy land owners ever had a chance at a government career. Evidently, you did not have to believe in the Confucianism religion, but those who did were rewarded. Confucianism falls under the social division. These three civilizations were considered classical civilizations because of the impact that Greece, Rome and China had on the modern world’s economic, social and political systems.

Customer Satisfaction of Hero Motocorp

PART 1 TOPICS * INDUSTRY OF AUTOMOBILE * HISTORY OF BIKE ————————————————- THE AUTOMOBILE INDUSTRY THE AUTOMOBILE INDUSTRY INDUSTRY PROFILE INTRODUCTION Industry Profile The market of two wheelers is very wide and because of technology, new products (two- wheeler) with new features are introduced day by day. The level of competition is also very high in two wheeler market. So, because of this competition the companies have to invest much more in research area for survival and success. The invention of the first two-wheeler is a much-discussable issue. â€Å"WHO invented the first motorcycle? this seems like a simple question, but the answer is quite complicated. Two-wheelers originated from the â€Å"safety† bicycle that is the bicycles with front and rear wheels of the same size with a pedal crank mechanism to drive the rear wheel. Those bicycles, in turn origin fr om high-wheel bicycles. The high-wheelers origin from an early type of pushbike, without pedals, propelled by the rider's feet pushing against the ground. These appeared around 1800, used iron-banded wagon wheels, and were called â€Å"bone-crushers,† both for their jarring ride, and their tendency to toss their riders The First MotorcycleWe are going to begin by looking at the first bikes. They didn’t work very well and they were not very fast but moved with being drawn by a horse or being pedalled. When you look at a motorcycle today, have you ever thought what the old bikes were like? Were they easy to ride? How fast did they go? Were they comfortable? To answer all these questions, we have got to go quite a long way back say about 100 years. The world was very different in those days and there must have been a feeling of great excitement.There was a great interest in science and engineering and almost every week, some fantastic new invention appeared. First there w ere gaslights and then electricity and new cures for many kinds of illnesses were always being announced this was period when people started thinking about how to travel quickly and safely. Before cars and bikes, the quickest mode of travelling was steam trains. And if there was a near to where you wanted to go then the next best thing was a stagecoach or paddle streamer. No one, except the very rich, could get from their own house to where they were going very quickly.Then in 1885, a German called Gottlieb Daimler made a small engine, which ran on a kind of petrol. It wasn’t a very good engine but it just worked. Daimler fitted the engine to a cycle type frame, which exactly had one wheel at the front and two wheels at the rear. In the following year, another German, Wilhelm Maybach rode the Daimler bike for a few meters- something which everyone thought was very brave. At last, a way of moving people directly from one place to another had been invented. Not everybody though t that this was a good idea.In England there was a law, which said that no vehicle powered by an engine could go faster than 4mph which is about as fast a s you walk. Many of the people were afraid and urged that the bike should be banned. But in 1896 an act was passed that bikes can travel 12mph speed-, which is considered to be a fantastic speed. At the same time, a French engineer called De Dion made the first real good engine for motorcycle and soon everyone was having a try at making complete machine. And this was the turning point where bike started getting its actual look many ideas poured in and were given shapes also.The Cardiovascular SystemThe British Bikes: Today we won’t see many British bikes on the road but most of the older bikes were make in Great Britain, which had its name and fame. Now we see very few of British Bikes. What went wrong? In 1900, bikes were not very good. They were hard to start, they had poor brakes and did not have much power but everyone thought they were marvellous. For the first time, person could have his own individual way of getting about. He had personal transport, which he could use the moment he wanted to. Above all else, these first motorcyclists felt the sense of freedom, which a bike gave them.The motorcycle manufacturers felt the same excitement. New designs appeared almost every day. Some were excellent and others silly but each factory learnt from others and bikes got better and better in just a few years. Then the First World War came in 1914, and the whole world changed. Bikes made in this first period, from 1885 until the end of 1914 are called veterans and the riders who are reliving how the first motorcyclists rode are still using many today. When the war came, the bikes went with the army. The fastest way to carry an urgent message was to send through a good rider on a bike.Here again a bike had a turning point and during this period bikes got opportunity to claim its stake in the market. It was considered to be best mode of travelling from remote area to urban and from plains to rough terrain. Where a horse rider could not think of moving, their bikes were able to do so. Moreover, a horse rider and horse would take rest after certain interval of travelling, the bikes did not require since it was machine. The History of the automobile actually began about 4,000 years ago when the first wheel was used for transportation in India.Several Italians recorded designs for wind-driven vehicles. The first was Guido da Vigevano in 1335. It was a windmill-type drive to gears and thus to wheels. Vaturio designed a similar vehicle that was also never built. Later Leonardo da Vinci designed clockwork-driven tricycle with tiller steering and a differential mechanism between the rear wheels. In the early 15th century, the Portuguese arrived in China and the interaction of two cultures led to a variety of new technologies, including the creation of a wheel that turned under its own power.By the 1600s, small steam-powered engine models were developed, but it was another century before a full-sized engine-powered vehicle was created. A Catholic priest named Father Ferdinan Verbiest is credited to have built a steam-powered vehicle for the Chinese Emperor Chien Lung in about 1678. There is no information about the vehicle, only the event. Since James Watt didn’t invent the steam engine until 1705, we can guess that this was possibly a model vehicle powered by a mechanism like Hero’s steam engine-a-spinning wheel with jets on the periphery.Although by the mid-15th century the idea of a self-propelled vehicle had been put into practice with the development of experimental vehicles powered by means of springs, clockworks, and the wind, Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot of France is considered to have built the first true automobile in 1769. Designed by Cugnot and constructed by M. Brezin, it is also the first vehicle to move under its own power for which there is a record . Cugnot’s three-wheeled steam-powered vehicle carried four persons and was meant to move artillery pieces.It had a top speed of a little more than 3. 2 km/h (2 mph) and had to stop every 20 minutes to build up a fresh steam. Evans was the first American who obtained a patent for â€Å"a self-propelled carriage. † He, in fact, attempted to create a two-in-one combination of a steam wagon and a flat-bottomed boat, which didn’t receive any attention in those days. During the 1830’s, the steam vehicle had made great advances. But stiff competition from railway companies and crude legislations in Britain forced the poor steam vehicle gradually out of use on roads.Carl Benz and Gottlieb Daimler, both Germans, share the credit of changing the transport habits of the world, for their efforts laid the foundation of the great motor industry, as we know it today. First, Carl Benz invented the petrol engine in 1885 and a year later Daimler made a car driven by motor of his own design and the rest is history. Daimler’s engine proved to be a great success mainly because of its less weight that could deliver 1000rpm and needed only very small and light vehicles to carry them.France too had joined the motoring scenario by 1890 when two Frenchmen Panhard and Levassor began producing vehicles powered by Daimler engine, and Daimler himself, possessed by the automobile spirit, went on adding new features to his engine. He built the first V-Twin engine with a glowing platinum tube to explode the cylinder gas-the very earliest form of sparking plug. Charles Duryea built a motor carriage in America with petrol engine in 1892, followed by Elwood Haynes in 1894, thus paving the way for motorcars in that country.For many years after the introduction of automobiles, three kinds of power sources were in common use: steam engines, gasoline or petrol engines, and electric motors. In 1900, over 2,300 automobiles were registered in New York, Boston, Massac husetts, and Chicago. Of these, 1,170 were steam cars, 800 were electric cars, and only 400 were gasoline cars. In ten years from the invention of the petrol engine, the motorcar had evolved itself into amazing designs and shapes. By 1898, there were 50 automobile-manufacturing companies in the United States, a number that rose to 241 by 1908.In that year, Henry Ford revolutionized the manufacture of automobiles with his assembly-line style of production and brought out the Model T, a car that was inexpensive, versatile, and easy to maintain. Herbert Austin and William Morris, two different carmakers, introduced mass production methods of assembly in the UK, thus paving the way for a revolution in the automobile industry. Austin Seven was the world’s first practical four-seater ‘baby car’ which brought the pleasures of motoring to many thousands of people who could not buy a larger, more expensive car.Even the ‘bull-nose’ Morris with front mounted en gine became the well-loved model and one of the most popular cars in the 1920s. Automobile manufacturers in the 1930s and 1940s refined and improved on the principles of Ford and other pioneers. Cars were generally large, and many were still extremely expensive and luxurious; many of the most collectible cars date from this time. The increased affluence of the United States after World War II led to the development of large, petrol-consuming vehicles, while most companies in Europe made smaller, more fuel-efficient cars.Edward Butler, an Englishman, built the first motor tricycle in 1884. The first gasoline-engine motorcycle to appear publicly was built by Gottlieb Daimler, of Bad Cannstatt, Germany, in 1885. Gottlieb Daimler, who later teamed up with Karl Benz to form the Daimler-Benz Corporation is credited with building the first motorcycle in 1885, one wheel in the front and one in the back, although it had a smaller spring-loaded outrigger wheel on each side. It was constructed mostly of wood, the wheels were of the iron-banded wooden-spokes wagon-type, and it definitely had a â€Å"bone-crusher† chassis!This two-wheeler was powered by a single-cylinder Otto-cycle engine, and may have had a spray-type carburetor. One of this type of machine was demonstrated at fairs and circuses in the eastern US in 1867. The first practical engines and motorcycles were designed by the French and Belgians, followed by British, German, Italian, and American makers. The popularity of the vehicle increased, especially after 1910. During World War FIRST the motorcycle was used by all branches of the armed forces in Europe, principally for dispatching. After the war it enjoyed a sport craze until the Great Depression began in 1929.After World War II motorcycles are being used for high-speed touring and sport competitions. During the 1950s with the help of Western Europe and parts of the United States, the development of a new type of vehicle that is light weighted motor cycle is become possible, later on it is known as moped. The first moped Originating in Germany as a 50-cubic-centimetre machine with simple controls and low initial cost, it was largely free of licensing and insurance regulations except in Great Britain. The more sophisticated motor scooter originated in Italy after World War II, led by manufacture of a 125-cubic-centimetre model.Even with strong competition from West Germany, France, Austria, and Britain, the Italian scooters maintained the leading position in the diminishing market India is the second largest manufacturer and producer of two-wheelers in the world. It stands next only to Japan and China in terms of the number of two-wheelers produced and domestic sales respectively. This distinction was achieved due to variety of reasons like restrictive policy followed by the Government of India towards the passenger car industry, rising demand for personal transport, inefficiency in the public transportation system etc.The India n two-wheeler industry made a small beginning in the early 50s when Automobile Products of India started manufacturing scooters in the country. In 1948, Bajaj Auto began trading in imported Vespa scooters and three-wheelers. Finally, in 1960, it set up a shop to manufacture them in technical collaboration with Piaggio of Italy. The agreement expired in 1971. In the initial stages, the scooter segment was dominated by Automobile Products of India (API), it was later overtaken by Bajaj Auto.Although various government and private enterprises entered the fray for scooters, the only new player that has lasted till today is LML. Under the regulated regime, foreign companies were not allowed to operate in India. It was a complete seller market with the waiting period for getting a scooter from Bajaj Auto being as high as 12 years. Because of government regulation, foreign companies were not allowed to operate in Indian market. It was a complete seller market with the waiting period for ge tting a scooter from Bajaj Auto being as high as 12 years.The first Japanese motorcycles were introduced in the early eighties. TVS Suzuki and HERO MOTOCORP brought in the first two-stroke and four-stroke engine motorcycles respectively. The industry had a smooth ride in the 50s, 60s and 70s when the Government prohibited new entries and strictly controlled capacity expansion. The industry saw a sudden growth in the 80s. The two-wheeler market was opened to foreign competition in the mid-80s. And then the market leaders – Escorts and Enfield – were caught unaware by the attack of the 100cc bikes of the four Indo-Japanese joint ventures.With the new feature of fuel efficient low power bikes, demand swelled, resulting in HERO MOTOCORP – then the only producer of four stroke bikes (100cc category), gaining a top slot. The entry of Kinetic Honda in mid-eighties with a barometric scooter helped in providing ease of use to the scooter owners. This helped in inducing y oungsters and working women, towards buying scooters, who were earlier inclined towards moped purchases In 1990, the entire automobile industry saw a drastic fall in demand. This resulted in a decline of 15% in 1991 and 8% in 1992, resulting in a production loss of 0. mn vehicles. Excluding HERO MOTOCORP, all the major producers suffered from recession. HERO MOTOCORP showed a marginal decline in 1992. The reasons for recession in the sector were the constant rise in fuel prices, high input costs and reduced purchasing power due to significant rise in general price level and credit crisis in consumer financing. Factors like increased production in 1992, due to new entrants joined with the recession in the industry resulted in companies either reporting losses or a fall in profits. Competitors of Two-Wheelers industriesHonda| Bajaj| HERO MOTOCORP| Kandaa | Kinetic| LML | Royal Enfield| Suzuki| TVS| Yamaha| Activa| Wave Dtsi| Pleasure | Thunder 100| Kineticx| Crd 100 Sd| Std| Heat| Sco oty Pep| Crux S| Dio| CT 100| CD deluxe| | 4s| Freedom Topper | Machismo| Zeus| Star std| Libero G5| Eterno| Platina| Splendor plus ; pro | | Nova| Freedom prima| Electra| Access| Star city| Gladiator | Shine| Discover| Splendor NXG| | Striker| Beamer| Thunderbold| Sling shot| Victor Edge | Ray| Unicorn| Pulsar| Passion pro ; Xpro| | Blaze| | 500 Ex| GS 150| Victor Glx 125| R15| Stunner| Avenger| Super splendor| | | | | | Apache | FZ| Twister| | Achiever| | | | | | Wego| Fazer|Dream Yuga| | Karizma ; ZMR| | | | | | | RX 125| CBR| | CBZ| | | | | | | YBR| | | Extreme| | | | | | | | | | Hunk| | | | | | | | | | Impulse| | | | | | | | | | Igniter| | | | | | | | | | Maestro| | | | | | | | TWO WHEELERS PRODUCTION TREND| Category| 2007-08 | 2008-09| 2009-10| 2010-11| 2011-12| Scooters| 937506| 848434| 935279| 987498| 1020013| Motorcycles| 2906323| 3876175| 4355168| 5193894| 6201214| Mopeds| 427498| 351612| 332294| 348437| 379574| Grand Total| 4271327| 5076221| 5622741| 6529829| 7600801| TWO WHEELERS DOMESTIC SALES TREND| Category| 2007-08 | 2008-09| 2009-10| 2010-11| 2011-12| Scooters| 908268| 825648| 886295| 922428| 908159|Motorcycles| 2887194| 3647493| 4170445| 4964753| 5815417| Mopeds| 408263| 338985| 307509| 322584| 332741| Grand Total| 4203725| 4812126| 5364249| 6209765| 7056317| TWO WHEELERS EXPORTS TREND| Category| 2007-08 | 2008-09| 2009-10| 2010-11| 2011-12| Scooters| 28332| 32566| 53687| 60699| 83873| Motorcycles| 56880| 123725| 187287| 277123| 386202| Mopeds| 18971| 23391| 24078| 28585| 43181| Grand Total| 104183| 179682| 265052| 366407| 513256| Source: www. autoindia. com/twowheeler 1. 1. 1 Growth of the Industry Today the growth rate of motorcycle industry is very high as compared to few years back. Two wheeler segment as a whole during the year 2004-05 grew by over 15%.This growth has been due to the Government's initiative on rural roads and better connectivity with major towns and cities, improved agricultural performance, upward trend of purchasing po wer in the hands of rural people. The northward trend of growth among two-wheelers is set to continue in the years ahead. Motorcycles Sales (Nos. ): 2007-08 | 2008-09| 2009-10| 2010-11| 2011-12| 2906323| 3876175| 4355168| 5193894| 6201214| Motorcycles account for nearly 80% of the total two wheeler sales in the country. This trend is set to continue as more and more models of two wheelers enter the market. The figures above show the sales of motor cycles over the years. ———————————————— HISTORY OF BIKE Throughout the centuries man has striven to expand his capabilities through the use of machines. His ever inventive mind has constantly devised ways to use tools to increase his abilities to explore the world around him, to go faster, deeper, higher and further than before. Coupled with his need to find new thrills, new adventures and new modes of transportation, the inventi on and refinement of the motorcycle seems an inevitable outcome. For me, the early years of the development of the motorcycle are especially fascinating as they hold of some of mans most bizarre experimental machinery.Before we get started on the history of the motorcycle itself, I feel a short review of it's predecessor, namely the bicycle, is in order, an invention without which the motor bicycle, as they were first called, may well have never come about. It would seem that Michelangelo conceived of the bicycle as early as the 14th century and his drawing shows a remarkable resemblance to the modern day bike. It had wheels of similar size and even pedals and a leather â€Å"chain†, albeit without any apparent means of steering. The first attempt at actually producing any sort of 2 wheeled conveyance fell on the shoulders of one Comte de Sivrac in the late 1791, though hardy a bicycle as we understand the meaning today. It was crude affair made entirely of wood with no pedal s, brakes or even steering.This early machine was referred to as a hobbyhorse and was considered nothing more than a curiosity or rich mans folly, an attitude that remained for a number of years, until the late 1800's. A person simply sat upon it and pushed it along with their feet in a sort of gliding walk. Then in 1869 some inventive person named William van Anden in New York added pedals directly to the front wheel, now at last we approach what can be called by modern terms, a bicycle. It also had free-wheeling pedals that allowed the wheel to turn while the pedals remained stationary and had a friction brake on the rear wheel operated by twisting one of the hand grips. Oddly enough these innovations did not appear on many other machines for quite some time. quickly became apparent however that the only way to increase speed or distance traveled per rotation of the pedals was to increase the size of the front wheel, leading to what became known as the High Wheeler. Unfortunately because of the high center of gravity and forward position of the rider, not only was some skill required to mount and dismount this contraption, but should the front wheel suddenly stop, the rider was thrown forward on his head, thus giving rise to the term â€Å"Taking a Header†. To overcome this difficulty, the small wheel was moved to the front giving rise to the High Wheeled â€Å"Safety† bicycle. Because of the difficulty in riding a high wheeler with the style of skirts worn by women at the turn of the century they were mostly confined to three wheelers specifically designed with them in mind.Now that we've looked at the precursor to the motorcycle lets turn our attention to the first motor bicycles. Curiously enough the first attempts to motorize a two wheeled vehicle were made before the high wheeler had been replaced by the modern safety bicycle, thus explaining why the first motor bicycles had a much larger front wheel, with one exception. In 1818 an attempt was made to fit a steam engine to a Drasiane hobbyhorse (see above) which had two similar sized wheels. This however, did not succeed in capturing a market, as can well be imagined when looking at the picture below of the Vocipedraisiavaporianna, and I therefore only mention it in passingThis curious contraction was supposedly built in 1818 and is shown in this French print under testing in the Luxembourg Gardens in Paris on April 5 of that year, thou actually invented in Germany. This print is from the collection of the Science Museum in London. It was a Drasine hobby horse being powered by a steam turbine engine in both front and rear wheels. It would appear to be somewhat top heavy, and never made it into production, which is probably just as well! American, Sylvester Howard Roper (1823-1896) invented a two-cylinder, steam-engine motorcycle (powered by coal) in 1867. This can be considered the first motorcycle, if you allow your description of a motorcycle to include a steam eng ine. Howard Roper also invented a steam engine car.Gottlieb Daimler – First Gas Engine Motorcycle German, Gottlieb Daimler invented the first gas-engine motorcycle in 1885, which was an engine attached to a wooden bike. That marked the moment in history when the dual development of a viable gas-powered engine and the modern bicycle collided. Gottlieb Daimler used a new engine invented by engineer, Nicolas Otto. Otto invented the first â€Å"Four-Stroke Internal-Combustion Engine† in 1876. He called it the â€Å"Otto Cycle Engine† As soon as he completed his engine, Daimler (a former Otto employee) built it into a motorcycle. 1877 Daimler-Maybach, France This is reputed to be the first version of Mr. G. Daimler motor bicycle.This again is from a French site and the best translation I could come up with for the caption is quoted below. â€Å"IT had a limited autonomy, but accomplishes anyway traverses it Paris to German Saint (15 Km) to the speed of 15km/h. The t ricycles to vapor of Meek in 1877, 1881 The Parkyns-Bateman Steam Tricycle. England 1885 The Daimler, Europe 1892 The five cylinder Millet, France 1894 Hilderbrand and Wolfmuller, France 1898 Orient-Aster, USA 1903FN (Fabrique Nationale) 188 cc, 2 hp engine Harley Davidson Model 7, 1911 Harley Davidson Model 11J w sidecar, 1915 Indian Board racer, 1920 PART 2 TOPICS ABOUT COMPANY HERO MOTOCORP ————————————————- CORPORATION PROFILEHERO MOTOCORP two wheelers have been on Indian roads since 1984 when Hero Cycles Ltd. tied up with Honda Motor Company to start a joint venture. Today, HERO MOTOCORP is taken to be the world's largest two-wheeler manufacturer. The HERO MOTOCORP story began with a simple vision – the vision of a mobile and an empowered India, powered by HERO MOTOCORP. This vision was driven by HERO MOTOCORP’s commitment to customer, quality and excell ence, and while doing so, maintains the highest standards of ethics and societal responsibilities. Twenty five years and 25 million two wheelers later, HERO MOTOCORP is closer to fulfilling this dream. This vision is the driving force behind everything that we do at HERO MOTOCORP.We understood that the fastest way to turn that dream into a reality is by remaining focused on that vision. Over the course of two and a half decades, and three successive joint venture agreements later, both partners have fine-tuned and perfected their roles as joint venture partners. What the two partners did was something quite basic. They simply stuck to their respective strengths. As one of the world's technology leaders in the automotive sector, Honda has been able to consistently provide technical know-how, design specifications and R&D innovations. This has lead to the development of world class, value for money motorcycles and scooters for the Indian market.Hero Group has taken on the singular and onerous responsibility of creating world-class manufacturing facilities with robust processes, building the supply chain, setting up an extensive distribution networks and providing insights into the mind of the Indian customer. Since both partners continue to focus on their respective strengths, they have been able to complement each other. In the process, HERO MOTOCORP is recognized today as one of the most successful joint ventures in the world. It is therefore no surprise that there are more HERO MOTOCORP bikes on this country's roads than the total population of some European countries put together! The company's meteoric growth in the two-wheeler market in India stems from an intrinsic ability to reach out and come closer to its customers, with every passing year.HERO MOTOCORP's bikes are sold and serviced through a network of over 3500 customer touch points, comprising a mix of dealers, service centers and stockiest located across rural and urban India. HERO MOTOCORP has bui lt two world-class manufacturing facilities at Dharuhera and Gurgaon in Haryana, and its third and most sophisticated plant at Haridwar has just completed a full year of operations. It is difficult to imagine that all this has happened in the span of just two and a half decades! The best is yet to come. During the year in review, HERO MOTOCORP powered its way in a market that, for all practical purposes, was feeling the full effects of the economic slowdown in India. With an economic recovery now clearly on the cards, HERO MOTOCORP is all set to ride into another summit.As Brijmohan Lall Munjal, the Chairman, HERO MOTOCORP Motors succinctly puts it, â€Å"We pioneered India's two wheeler industry, we've steered it through difficult times; now it is our responsibility to set the pace again. † ————————————————- HERO MOTOCORP MOTORS LTD HERO MOTOCORP Motors Ltd. is a r esult of the joint venture between India's Hero Group and Japanese Honda Motors Company in the year 1983. This joint venture has not only created the world's single largest two wheeler company but also one of the most successful joint ventures worldwide. HERO MOTOCORP is globally known of being the most fuel-efficient and the largest CBZ selling Indian Motorcycle Company.This is a relationship so harmonious that HERO MOTOCORP has managed to achieve indigenization of over 95 percent, a Honda record worldwide. The company is committed to provide the customer with excellence. A rich background of producing high value products at reasonable prices led the world's largest manufacturer of motorcycles to collaborate with the world's largest bicycle manufacturer. During 80s, HERO MOTOCORP became the first company in India to prove that it was possible to drive a vehicle without polluting the roads. They company possess three manufacturing units based at Dharuhera, Gurgaon and Haridwar are c apable to produce 4. 4 million units per year.They introduced new generation motorcycles that set industry benchmarks for fuel thrift and low emission. The unique features like fuel conservation, safety riding courses and mobile workshops helped the group reach in the interiors of the country. Well-entrenched in the domestic market, HERO MOTOCORP Motors Ltd. turned its attention overseas, and exports have been steadily on the rise. The below chart shows the golden years in the history of HERO MOTOCORP :- 1985| CD-100| 1989| SLEEK| 1991| CD-100 SS| 1994| Splendor| 1997| Street| 1999| CBZ| 2001| PASSION| 2002| DAWN, AMBITION| 2003| CD-DAWN, SPLENDOR +, PASSION +, KARIZMA| 2005| SUPER-SPLENDOR,CD-DELUX, GLAMOUR, ACHIEVER|Year Event 1984 * He Company was incorporated on 19th January, at New Delhi. The Company Manufacture motor cycles up to 100 cc capacity. The Company was promoted by Hero Cycles (P) Ltd. (HCPL). * The Company entered into a technical-cum-financial collaboration agreemen t with Honda Motor Co. Ltd. , Japan (HML). As per this collaboration agreement, HML was to furnish complete technical information and know-how and trade secrets and other relevant data. * HERO MOTOCORP CD-100 is the first four stroke motorcycle to be introduced in India in 100cc range. 1985 1986 * 36, 00,000 rights equity shares issued at par in prop. 3:10. 990 * In the domestic market the Company was reported to have a market share of 46%. 1994 * The Company's production and turnover increased to 1, 83,490 motorcycles and Rs. 483. 85 crores respectively due to growth in demand for two wheelers and declining inflation. 1995 * A new Technical Collaboration Agreement has been signed with Honda Motor Co. Ltd. , Japan for the period up to the year 2004 which includes technology related to models of higher Engine displacement. 1997 * HERO MOTOCORP Motors Ltd (HHML) has set up a new motorcycle plant in Gurgaon, near Delhi for the manufacture of the Honda Super Cub 100 cc stepthro bike 199 8 Honda Motor Company Ltd of Japan (Honda) and Kinetic Honda Motor Ltd (KHML) have signed a five-year licence and technical assistance agreement under which KHML will continue to receive the technical knowhow, critical vehicle parts and access to Honda's markets even after the sale of Honda stake in KHML to Kinetic Engineering Ltd (KEL). * The Company changed the paradigm in two-wheelers by launching the most powerful and fast bike- CBZ (e) with a unique feature of Transient Power Fuel Control (TPEC) system. 1999 * Leading two-wheelers manufacturer Hero Motors has formed a joint venture with Briggs Stratton of US to develop and manufacture four-stroke engines for mopeds and scooters in India, a top company. 2000 HERO MOTOCORP Motors Ltd. and Tata Finance Ltd. have signed a national tie-up agreement. The Company is the largest manufacturer of motorcycles in the country. * He Company was ranked as the 9th Highest Value Creator among 12 industry groups within the Bombay Stock Exchange top 100 companies over a five year period (1994-99). 2001 * HERO MOTOCORP Motors Ltd. has launched a new 100cc motorcycle named `Passion'. 2002 * Becomes the world's largest two wheeler company by selling 1. 3 million vehicles in 2001 2003 * Launches its cheapest 100cc motorbike ‘CD Dawn' * Bikes production capacity at two of its manufacturing facilities to three lakh units Achieves milestone by producing five million bikes from its Dharuhera plant in Haryana * Launches its new 223-cc, 16. 8 BHP Karizma at Rs 79,000 * The company has bagged two Total Customer Satisfaction (TCS) Awards. * HERO MOTOCORP Karizma bags BBC Bike of the Yr Award 2004 * HERO MOTOCORP unveils new version of Ambition * Hero Motors introduces ‘Sting' new 4-stroke bike 2005 * Two-wheeler major HERO MOTOCORP on October 5 announced launch of its first scooter ‘Pleasure' * HERO MOTOCORP rolls out 150-cc motorcycle Achiever 2006 * HERO MOTOCORP launches CBZ variant X-treme * HERO MOTOCORP announce d the launch of two new variants the new ‘Glamour' and * ‘Passion Plus' limited edition. 2009 HERO MOTOCORP motors launched new bike KARIZMA ZMR. Basic Organization Chart New Organization Chart ————————————————- BOARD OF DIRECTORS No. | Name of the Directors| Designation| 1| Mr. Brijmohan Lall Munjal| Chairman & Whole-timeDirector| 2| Mr. Pawan Munjal | Managing Director & CEO| 3| Mr. Toshiaki Nakagawa | Joint Managing Director| 4| Mr. Sumihisa Fukuda| Technical Director| 5| Mr. Om Prakash Munjal| Non-executive Director| 6| Mr. Sunil Kant Munjal| Non-executive Director| 7| Mr. Masahiro Takedagawa| Non-executive Director| 8| Mr. Satoshi Matsuzawa(Alternate Director to Mr. Takashi Nagai)| Non-executive Director| 9| Mr.Pradeep Dinodia | Non-executive ; Independent Director| 10| Gen. (Retd. ) V. P. Malik| Non-executive ; Independent Director| 11| Mr. Analjit Singh| Non-executive ; Independent Director| 12| Dr. Pritam Singh| Non-executive ; Independent Director| 13| Ms. Shobhana Bhartia| Non-executive ; Independent Director| 14. | Mr. Meleveetil Damodaran| Non-executive ; Independent Director| 15. | Mr. Ravi Nath| Non-executive ; Independent Director| ————————————————- PROFILE OF DIRECTORS | DR. BRIJMOHANLALL MUNJAL Mr. Munjal is the founder Director and Chairman of the Company and the $3. billion Hero Group. He is the Past President of Confederation of Indian Industry (CII), Society of Indian Automobile Manufacturers (SIAM) and was a Member of the Board of the Country's Central Bank (Reserve Bank of India). In recognition of his contribution to industry, Mr. Munjal was conferred the Padma Bhushan Award by the Union Government. Mr. Munjal is currently on the board of the following Public Limited Companies:Dr. Brijmohan Lall Munjal is currently on the board of the following Public Limited companies: No. | Name of Company| Nature of Office| 1| Hero MotoCorp. Ltd. | Chairman and Whole-time Director| 2| Hero FinCorp Ltd. | Chairman| | Easy Bill Limited| Director| 4| Hero InvestCorp Limited| Director| 5| Munjal Showa Limited| Director| 6| Rockman Industries Ltd. | Director| 7| Shivam Autotech Limited| Director| 8| Survam Infrastructure Ltd. | Director| | | MR. PAWAN MUNJAL | Mr. Munjal is the Managing Director and CEO of the Company. He is responsible for growth and strategic planning for the entire Group. A graduate in Mechanical Engineering, Mr. Munjal has been instrumental in bringing about technological and managerial excellence in the Company's operations. He has been the Chairman of several Committees of CII.He is also on the board of Indian Institute of Management, Lucknow and Indian School of Business. An avid golfer, Mr. Munjal is Past Chairman of the Asian PGA Tour Board of Directors and the Past President of Professional Golfers Association of India (PGAI). Under his guidance, Hero MotoCorp launched the Hero Indian Sports Academy (HISA) in collaboration with Laure us Foundation to provide equal opportunities in sports to various communities and to reward talent in the country. |   | | | | | Mr. Munjal is currently on the board of the following Public Limited Companies: No. | Name of Company| Nature of Office| 1| Hero MotoCorp Ltd. | Managing Director ; CEO| 2| Hero FinCorp Ltd. | Director| 3| Hero InvestCorp Limited| Director| | Hero Realty ; Infra Limited| Director| 5| Rockman Industries Limited| Director| MR. SUNIL KANT MUNJAL Mr. Munjal was appointed on the Board of Directors of the Company on August 25, 2006 as an Non Executive Director of the Company. After his graduation, he underwent training in the field of Mechanical Engineering. In the year 2011, he was appointed as the Jt. Managing Director of the Company effective August 17, 2011 for a period of 5 years. Mr. Munjal has also been the President of Confederation of Indian Industry (CII). He is also on the Board of Indian School of Business, Hyderabad and is the visiting faculty at various Business Schools and Corporate.His specialization is in Business Studies and Holistic Management Practices. Apart from the above he is a member of Prime Minister's Council on Trade and Industry, Consultative Group on Industry, Planning Commission, Government of India and SEBI Committee on Disclosures. He has made significant contributions to some of the National-level Economic and Labor reforms in India in the capacity of Chairman or as a member. |   | Mr. Munjal is currently on the board of the following Public Limited Companies: No. | Name of Company| Nature of Office| 1| Hero MotoCorp Ltd. | Jt. Managing Director| 2| Hero Corporate Services Limited| Chairman| 3| Hero Management Service Limited| Chairman| 4| Shivam Autotech Limited| Chairman| | Arrow Infra Limited| Director| 6| DCM Shriram Consolidated Limited| Director| 7| Easy Bill Limited| Director| 8| Hero InvestCorp Limited| Director| 9| Hero Life Insurance Co. Limited| Director| 10| Hero Mind mine Institute Limited| Director| 11| Hero Realty & Infra Limited| Director| 12| Rockman Industries Ltd. | Director| 13| Satyam Auto Components Limited| Director| MR. SUMAN KANT MUNJAL Mr. Munjal was appointed as an Additional Director on the Board of the Company on July 29, 2010. Mr. Munjal is the Managing Director of Rockman Industries Ltd. , one of the leading suppliers of Aluminum Die Casting, Machined and Painted Assemblies to Hero MotoCorp Ltd. Mr.Munjal, a graduate in Commerce, possesses rich experience and expertise in business management and thus has been instrumental in elevating Rockman Industries Ltd. to its current status. Mr. Munjal is currently on the board of the following Public Limited Companies: No. | Name of Company| Nature of Office| 1| Hero MotoCorp Ltd. | Director| 2| Rockman Industries Limited| Managing Director| 3| Hero Corporate Service Limited| Director| 4| Hero InvestCorp Limited| Director| 5| Hero Steels Limited| Director| 6| Munjal Acme Packaging Systems Limited| Director| 7| Survam Infrastructure Ltd. | Director| MR. PAUL EDGERLEY Mr. Edgerley was appointed as an Additional Director on the Board of the Company on May 4, 2011 in the category of Non-Executive Director. Mr.Edgerley has been a Managing Director at Bain Capital since 1990, a private investment firm with over $65 billion in assets under their management, where he focuses on investment in the industrial and consumer product sectors. He is currently on the board of The Boston Celtics, Keystone Automotive, Steel Dynamics, Sensate Technologies, MEI Conlux, HD Supply and Hero Investments Pvt. Limited. Mr. Edgerley is also a member of the Dean Advisory Board at Harvard Business School, Kansas State University Foundation, The Shamrock Foundation, serves on the US Board of The Right to Play and New Profit, Inc. He is a certified working p ublic accountant. He was also awarded an MBA with distinction from Harvard Business School and a BS from Kansas State University. He brings with him enriched experience in the field of finance and administration. Mr.Edgerley is currently on the Board of the following company : No. | Name of Company| Nature of Office| 1| Hero MotoCorp Ltd. | Director| MR. PRADEEP DINODIA Mr. Dinodia was appointed as an Additional Director on the Board of the Company on March 31, 2001 in the category of Non-Executive and Independent Director. Mr. Dinodia is a fellow member of The Institute of Chartered Accountants of India and a senior partner in the Delhi-based Chartered Accountancy firm M/s. S. R. Dinodia & Company. He has considerable experience in corporate affairs and allied legal and taxation matters. Mr. Dinodia is on the board of the following Public Limited Companies: No. Name of Company| Nature of Office| 1| Hero MotoCorp Ltd. | Director| 2| Shriram Pistons & Rings Limited| Chairman| 3| DCM Shriram Consolidated Limited| Director| 4| DFM Foods Limited| Director| 5| Hero Corporate Services Limited| Director| 6| J. K. Lakshmi Cement Limited| Director| 7| Micrometric Grinding Technologies Limited| Director| 8| SPR International Auto Exports Limited| Director| 9| Ultima Finvest Limited| Director| GEN. (RETD. ) V. P. Malik Gen. Malik was appointed as an Additional Director on the Board of the Company on May 4, 2001 in the category of Non-Executive and Independent Director. Gen. Malik retired as Chief of the Indian Army in September, 2000.During his distinguished military career, he received number of awards including the Ati Vishista Seva Medal (AVSM) and the Param Vishishta Seva Medal (PVSM) – the highest National award for distinguished services. Gen. Malik is on the board of the following Public Limited Companies: No. | Name of Company| Nature of Office| 1| Hero MotoCorp Limited| Director| DR. PRITAM SINGH Dr. Singh was appointed as an Additional Director on the Bo ard of the Company on September 28, 2004. in the category of Non-Executive and Independent Director. He is author of seven academically reputed books and over 50 research papers. Dr. Pritam Singh is one of the pioneers of Management Education in India who has devoted his life to the development of Management Education in India and abroad. Dr.Singh received the Padam Shri Award in 2003 for his contributions to this field. Dr. Singh is also on the board of the following Public Limited Companies: No. | Name of Company| Nature of Office| 1| Dish TV India Limited| Director| 2| Godrej Properties Limited| Director| 3| Hero MotoCorp Ltd. | Director| 4| Parsvnath Developers Limited| Director| MR. M. DAMODARAN Mr. Damodaran has been appointed as an Additional Director i. e. June 16, 2008 in the category of Non-Executive and Independent Director. Mr. Damodaran, aged 61 years was born on May 4, 1947 and belongs to the Indian Administrative Service, Manipur-Tripura Cadre. He had held various cov eted positions in Government / Public Sector and Regulatory Bodies.In the past he held the position of Joint Secretary (Banking Division) in the Ministry of Finance, Chairman Unit Trust of India. He headed the IDBI bank before being appointed as the Chairman of the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI), the country's security market watchdog. He was also appointed as officer on special duty with the Reserve Bank of India dealing primarily with the restructuring of three identified weak public sector banks. Mr. Damodaran is currently on the board of the following Public Limited Companies: No. | Name of Company| Nature of Office| 1| Hero MotoCorp Ltd. | Director| 2| TVS Automobile Solutions Ltd| Chairman| 3| Bennett, Coleman and Company Ltd. | Director| | Hindalco Industries Limited| Director| 5| ING Vyasya Bank Limited| Director| 6| L ; T Infrastructure Finance Co. Ltd. | Director| 7| RSB Transmissions (I) Limited| Director| 8| S Kumar’s Nationwide Limited| Director| 9 | Sobha Developers Limited| Director| 10| Tech Mahindra Limited| Director| 11| UltraTech Cement Limited| Director| MR. RAVI NATH Mr. Nath has been appointed as an Additional Director w. e. f. October 14, 2009 in the category of Non-Executive and Independent Director. Mr. Nath, aged 64 years is an Advocate of Supreme Court of India. He is a Partner of one of the India's oldest legal firms Rajinder Narain & Co. He has done his B.Com (Honours), LLB, International and Competitive Laws from King's College, London, and PIL from Harvard. He did his apprentice from Sinclair Roche and Temperley, London. He brings with him rich and specialized experience in the field of Corporate and Commercial law, Asset Finance, Aviation and Cross Border issues of nearly 40 illustrious years. He has also been recognized several times by Euro money and others as a leading lawyer in the field of Mergers ; Acquisitions. He is listed in Who's Who and Legal 500. The Bar Association of India conferred its highest honour on him. Mr. Nath is also on the board of the following Public Limited Companies: No. Name of Company| Nature of Office| 1| Hero MotoCorp Ltd. | Director| 2| Kanoria Chemicals & Industries Ltd. | Director| 3| Somany Ceramics Ltd. | Director| 4| Voith Paper Fabrics India Ltd. | Director| Dr. ANAND C. BURMAN Dr. Burman has been appointed as an Additional Director w. e. f. January 13, 2010 in the category of Non-Executive and Independent Director. Dr. Burman is an eminent Industrialist with particular interests in the areas of Research and Development in the Pharmaceutical Sciences as well as Biotechnology and Technology issues. Dr. Burman has Doctorate in the area of Pharmaceutical Chemistry from the University of Kansas, USA.He is currently the Chairman of Dabur India Limited. He is also a member in the Council of Governors at Birkbeck College, University of London. Dr. Burman is also on the board of the following Public Limited Companies: No. | Name of Company| Nature of Offi ce| 1| Hero MotoCorp Ltd. | Director| 2| Althea Lifesciences Limited| Director| 3| Aviva Life Insurance Co. India Limited| Director| 4| Dabur India Limited| Director| 5| Dabur Pharmaceutical Limited| Director| 6| Ester Industries Limited| Director| 7| H&B Stores Limited| Director| 8| Hindustan Motors Limited| Director| ————————————————- PROMINENT AWARDS TO THE COMPANYYear| Awards & Recognitions| 2009| ET Awards for Corporate Excellence – HERO MOTOCORP is the winner of the â€Å"Company of the Year† award for 2008 – 09. | | 2008| NDTV Profit Business Leadership Award 2008 – HERO MOTOCORP Wins the Coveted â€Å"NDTV Profit Business Leadership Award 2008†³| TNS Voice of the Customer Awards:| * No. 1 executive motorcycle Splendor NXG * No. 1 standard motorcycle CD Deluxe * No. premium motorcycle CBZ Xtreme| | 2007| The NDTV Profit Car India & Bike India Awards 2007 in the following category:| * Overall â€Å"Bike of the Year† – CBZ X-treme * â€Å"Bike of the Year† – CBZ X-treme (up to 150 cc category) | | 006 | Adjudged 7th Top Indian Company by Wallstreet Journal Asia (Top Indian Two Wheeler Company). Best in its class awards for each category by TNS Total Customer Satisfaction Awards 2006:| * Splendor Plus (Executive) * CD Deluxe (Entry) * Pleasure (Gearless Scooters)| HERO MOTOCORP Splendor rated as India's most preferred two-wheeler brand at the Awaaz Consumer Awards 2006. | 2005 | Awaaz Consumer Awards 2005 – India's most preferred two-wheeler brand by CNBC in the ‘Automobiles' category. Bike Maker of the Year Award by Overdrive Magazine. | 2004 | Winner of the Review 200 – Asia's Leading Companies Award (3rd Rank amongst the top 10 Indian companies. | 2003 | Most Respected Company in Automobile Sector by Business World. | 2002| Ranked 4th in ‘Overall Best Manag ed Company' category, ranked 3rd in ‘Best Financial Management' and ‘Best Operational Efficiency' category, and ranked 6th in ‘Overall Best Investor Relations' category, by Asia money. | 2001 | Winner of the Review 200 – Asia’s Leading Companies Award (9th Rank amongst the top 10 Indian Companies). Winner of Three Leaves Award for showing Corporate Environment Responsibility in the Automobile Sector by Centre for Science ; Environment. | 1999 | National Productivity Award for the Best Productivity Award in the category of Automobile ; Tractor presented by Vice President of India. 1995 | The Analyst Award 1995 presented to HERO MOTOCORP Motors Ltd. on being ranked 9th amongst the most investor rewarding companies in India. | 1995 | National Award for outstanding contribution to the Development of Indian Small Scale Industry (NSIC Award – Presented by President of India). | 1991 | Economic Times-Harvard Business School Award for Corporate Perform ance to HERO MOTOCORP Motors Ltd. | ————————————————- PRODUCT PROFILE product| Product name| Showroom price| | HERO MOTOCORP CD-Dawn STD(97. 20 cc) | Rs. 44,681| | HERO MOTOCORP HF-Deluxe SPOKEHF-Deluxe CASTHF-Deluxe SPOKE(SS)HF-Deluxe CAST(SS)(97. 20 cc) | Rs. 48,292Rs. 50,255Rs. 50,929Rs. 51,939| HERO MOTOCORP Splendor Plus SPOKESplendor Plus CASTSplendor Pro SPOKESplendor Pro CASTSplendor Pro SPOKE (SS)Splendor Pro CAST (SS)(97. 20 cc)| Rs. 53,061Rs. 54,183Rs. 54,071Rs. 55,192Rs. 56,315Rs. 57,438| | HERO MOTOCORP Splendor NXG CASTSplendor NXG SPOKE (SS)Splendor NXG CAST (SS)(100 cc)| Rs. 53,321Rs. 54,669Rs. 55,791| | HERO MOTOCORP Passion Pro DRK SPOKEPassion Pro DRK CASTPassion Pro SPOKE (SS)Passion Pro CAST (SS)Passion Pro DISK (SS)(97. 20 cc)| Rs. 55,418Rs. 56,540Rs. 57,661Rs. 58784Rs. 61,028| | HERO MOTOCORP Passion X-Pro CASTPassion X-Pro SPOKEPassion X-Pro CAST S. S. Passion X-Pro SPOKE S. S. Passion X-Pro CAST DISK S. S. | Rs. 58,166Rs. 57,044Rs. 60,411Rs. 9,289Rs 62,655| | HERO MOTOCORP Super Splendor S. S(124. 70 cc)| Rs. 61,495| | HERO MOTOCORP Glamour DRUM SS NEWGlamour CAST DISK (SS)Glamour FI DISK (SS)(125 cc)| Rs. 63,299Rs. 65,544Rs. 73,539| | HERO MOTOCORP Achiever CAST(150 cc)| Rs. 69,568| | HERO MOTOCORP CBZ Extreme REAR DRUMCBZ Extreme FR& RR DISK| Rs. 78,477Rs. 81,843| | HERO MOTOCORP Hunk CAST FR DISK (SS)Hunk CAST FR & RR DISK (SS)| Rs. 76,836Rs. 80,203| | HERO MOTOCORP Karizma BLACK WHEELKarizma-ZMR (FI-NEW)(225cc)| Rs. 92,205Rs. 1,14,500| | HERO MOTOCORP Igniter CAST (SS)HERO MOTOCORP Igniter DISK CAST (SS)| Rs. 67,423Rs. 69,568| | HERO MOTOCORP- ExtremeHERO MOTOCORP-Extreme FR & RR| Rs. 79,599Rs. 2,966| | HERO MOTOCORP Impulse| Rs. 81,538| | HERO MOTOCORP Maestro| Rs. 58,145| | HERO MOTOCORP Pleasure-NEW(102 cc)| Rs. 53,007| PART 3 TOPICS * REVIEW OF LITERATURE ——————— Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€- REVIEW OF LITERATURE Literature review Preference or taste is a concept used in the social science particularly economics, it assumes a real or imagined â€Å"choice† between alternatives and the possibility of rank ordering of these alternatives based on happiness, satisfaction, gratification, enjoyment, utility they provide more generally. It can be seen as a source of motivation. Cognitive sciences individual preferences enable choice of objectives goals.Also more consumption of a normal goods is generally ( but not always ) assumed to be preferred to less consumption. Preference rank translation is a mathematical technique used by marketers to convert stated preferences in to purchase probabilities that is into an estimate of actual buying behavior. It takes survey data on consumers preferences and converts it in to actual purchase probability. One consumer would in general have different consumption behav iors or preference from another. He may spend money on computers and technical books while the other may spend on two-wheelers. Availability of this information on consumer preference will be of great value to a marketing company.A bank or a credit card company that can use this information to target different groups of consumer for improved response rate or profit. By the same to key information on conception preference of the residents in one specific region for improved profit. Therefore it is very important to have a tool that can help analysis consumers behavior and forecast the changes in purchase pattern and changes in purchase trend. According to tray Norcross, London, I believe very strongly that consumers have a right just because it is getting harder to reach consumers doesn’t mean that marketers should be more devious or more forceful in their attempts to reach us. In fact quite the opposite, many of us are happy to be contacted with relevant timely, meaningful of fers.But it’s going to be on our terms, no longer victims of aggressive marketing we want to participate in the process with trusted brands and partners. Come and hang out with me here on consumer preference and learn how as a consumer. You can have more control than you thought. How you can research people in an effective and respectful way. TOPICS CONCEPT OF CUSTOMER SATISFACTION PART 4 ————————————————- CONCEPT OF SATISFACTION Concept Customer satisfaction: Satisfaction is the consumer’s fulfilment response. It is a judgement that product or service feature, or product or service itself, provides a pleasurable level of consumption-related fulfilment.Satisfaction is person’s feeling of pleasure or disappointment resulting from company’s product perceived performance in reaction to his/her expectation. Customer Satisfaction: Satisfaction: †Å"Satisfaction is a new way for customers and organization to work together to get answers, solve problems, and create new and better products ; services† CUSTOMER SATISFACTION: The usual measures of customer satisfaction involve a survey with a set of statements using a Likert Technique or scale. The customer is asked to evaluate each statement and in term of their perception and expectation of the performance of the organization being measured. Customer satisfaction measures the gap between customer experiences and expectations.If a customer’s experience of a product or dealer service exceeds his/her expectations, then the exceeded amount will equal satisfaction. And conversely, if the Customer’s experience falls short of expectation, the short fall will be equal dissatisfaction. Thus, customer satisfaction is the art of managing customer expectation and experience. Hence it can be seen that a two-wheeler has changed from a luxury item to a necessity. This indi cates that the present market condition is very good ; future of the indenting seems to be highly potential, hence many new entrants are entering the industry and making the competition even more enthusiastic. In this project report, we will find out the satisfaction level of the Hero MotoCorp Bikes owners in Surat city.The problem it is facing in the present market scenario. This project evaluates the various factors that keep the customer satisfied. It also evaluates the various factors that influence a customer to buy the bikes. While selecting a bikes, the various aspects that have to be given a thought with respect to Brand Image, Colour, Fuel efficiency, technology used, etc†¦ The extent to which a product perceived performance matches a buyer’s expectations. If the product’s performance falls short of expectations, the buyer is dissatisfied. If performance matches or exceeds expectations, the buyer is satisfied or delighted. Expectations shape customer perc eption of product / firm’s performance.Customer perceptions of the firm and its offer are shaped by: * Work of mouth publicity – like recommendations from friends , relatives, neighbours and peer group at work place. * Personal experience on the part of the customers. * Personal needs of individual customers. * External communication like the publicity of the firm in the media and its advertisement and other corporate communications. The study also finds the percentage of respondents who claim the dealership personnel attempted to influence their response to satisfaction surveys doubles to 12 percent when service is not up to par, when the work was not completed right the first time, or when the vehicle was not ready when promised. Clearly some dealer personnel are attempting to mitigate a problem they know they have. But the attempt is usually transparent, and comes off as disingenuous,† said Ivers. â€Å"Auto companies and dealers recognize the obvious benefit s of satisfying customers. Satisfied customers often bring repeat business and tell their acquaintances about the experience. While a few dealer personnel find creative ways to garner positive feedback, even when it’s undeserved, the reality is customer satisfaction is driven by truly satisfying customers, not trying to influence their satisfaction surveys. † A business term is a measure of how products and services supplied by a companmeet or surpass(better than) customer exprctation.When conducting a customer satisfaction survey, what you ask the customer is important. How, when and hoe often you ask these questions ars also important. However, the most important thing about conducting a customer satisfaction survey is what you do with the answer. Customer satisfaction will come acros the many situation where the organization need to evaluate customer perception of difference attributes of a product and his satisfaction there of. The customer satisfaction is very usef ul for the identifications of the customer requirements, establishment of products functional requirements , and also veryuseful for the concept of the product development. Customer satisfaction in 7 steps (4) encourage face to face dealings 2 respond to messages promptly and keep your clients informed. 3 be friendly and approachable 4 have a clerly defined customer service policy 5 attention to detail 6 anticipate your client’s needs and go out of your way to help themout 7 honour your promises So, customer satisfaction of a function of perceived performance and expectation. If the performance falls short of expectation, the customer is dissatisfied. If the performance matches the expectation, the customer is satisfied. If the performance exceeds expectation, the customer is highly satisfied or delighted. Tools for tracking and measuring customer satisfactionThere are four following tools for tracking and measuring customer satisfaction:- * Complaint and suggestion system. * Customer satisfaction survey. * Lost customer analysis. But among them customer satisfaction survey is suitable because responsive companies measure customer satisfaction direct by conduction periodic survey. CUSTOMER SERVICE: This is the most important department in a courier service. Customer service department should be very well trained and they should have good product knowledge. It is imperative that they treat each client as an important one. Problems are bound to occur due to circumstances beyond our control, but the customer service should be able to answer these clients and should not run away from the problems.At the branch level the operator or office assistant will have the dual responsibility of receiving collection calls as well as customer service calls. RESPONSIBILITIES OF A CUSTOMER SERVICE * Helping customers in trouble * Working for customer satisfaction * Upholding the company’s image * Increasing the company’s business * Supporting and carrying o ut the company’s policy of service excellence * Being an important link between the management and the customer. FEW THOUGHTS ABOUT CUSTOMER CARE * A customer is the most important person to enter our place of business. * A customer is not dependent on us we are dependent on him. He pays our salary. A customer is a person who brings us his wants; it is our job, duty and privilege to handle him with promptness courtesy and consideration. * The company that cares for the customers does not have to be anxious about its profitability and growth. * A customer is not an interruption to our work. He is the purpose of it. We are not doing him a favour by serving him. He is doing us a favour by giving us the opportunity to serve him. * Customers do not buy a product, unless they are useful, convenient, attractive, durable and reliable. * The employee who cares for the customer does not have to be anxious or worried about his job security and incomes. â€Å"STRANGER† is a Ã¢â‚¬Ë œfriend’ whom we have yet to meet.WHY CUSTOMERS QUIT * 1% due to death. * 3% move away * 5% form other friendships. * 9% for competitive reasons. * 14% because of product dissatisfaction. * 68% quit because of attitude of indifference towards customer service. WHAT DISPLACES THE CUSTOMER * Delay in responding. * Ignoring his presence. * Over charging without prior notice or explanation. * Untidy office. * Unmanned counter and telephone. * Show rules instead of being helpful. * Delaying refunds and dues. * Make him appear small, by not showing respect. PART 5 TOPICS PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION ————————————————- PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY:As customers satisfaction is the key element for progress companies must give more priority to ever changing needs of the customer. STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: * A well define problem is half solution of that problem. So it represent single most important step to be Identification of problem and definition of it. And that is this task is heart of research work. * Here in the research view, problem identification means either converting management problem in to research problem or converting marketing in to research proposal. * HERO MOTOCORP wants to know the customer satisfaction level of HERO MOTOCORP bike, why the customer of HERO MOTOCORP satisfied or dissatisfied with product. * To under take customer satisfaction level of HERO MOTOCORP at DHRU AUTOMOBILEES. ———————————————— OBJECTIVES OF STUDY Following are the major objective the research study .OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY The present study has been conducted in order to * Know the customer awareness level of HERO MOTOCORP Company’s product range. * To make a satisfaction analysis of people on the performance, aesthetics, features, se rviceability and company image of HERO MOTOCORP Bikes they own. * To analyze the attitude and perception level of people towards the HERO MOTOCORP Bikes they own * To know the present consumer preference in the market. * To offer suggestion based on the findings. * To know the satisfaction level of customers. To find out which features attract to the customers. * To find out the factors which are important while purchasing HERO MOTOCORP products? * To track the factor affecting satisfaction level of customers and perception in view point of Customers ————————————————- LIMITATION OF STUDY Following are the major limitation the research study * Scope/area of study is restricted to only Surat city. * Time duration of study is duly 6 weeks. * Study considered only few samples of customers. * The information collected by interview can be biased to a little extent as they expres s them. ————————————————- SIGNIFICANCE The study is useful to know the customer satisfaction of HERO MOTOCORP bike. * The study is also too useful to know different criteria which are important for taking the decision about changes in various systems. * The report is useful to know the

International Corporate Diversification Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

International Corporate Diversification - Essay Example This is a part of the companies’ growth strategy, and the increasingly predominant phenomenon is directly linked to globalization effects, as well as, the ever rising competition intensity. This phenomenon is generally referred to as international diversification and many academicians agree that, it offers a company access to a wide array of opportunities in overseas markets thus making it possible to overcome development challenges. International diversification could also enhance the respective company’s general performance. In academics, varying outlooks have been utilized to elucidate this phenomenon diversification. For instance, theoretical concepts like portfolio investment, foreign direct investment (FDI), and resource-based theories, all propose that, international diversification is associated with increased economies of scale, broadened learning scope, stable revenues or profits, and operational flexibility (Waisako, 2002, pp. 109-134 ). However, irrespective of the numerous advantages associated with global business diversification, research has shown that, simply venturing overseas does not guarantee exemplary performance for companies. The diversification process usually requires an organization to accrue sizeable costs as a result of strategies’ restructuring or resource reallocation. Other challenges include concerns such as increased complexity in managerial structure, target market or employees’ resistance to transformation and increased communication problems owing to the diversity of cultures involved. Additionally, global diversification could be accompanied by unexpected, yet substantial expenses like fluctuations in currency exchange rates, political insecurity and inflation. This paper seeks to explore the varying advantages and disadvantages associated with international corporate diversification. The study attains this, by evaluating drivers of international diversification; cases of companies that have eith er succeeded in the venture of international diversification and those that failed extensively, as well as, the reasons that led to this success or failure. General Advantages of International Corporate Diversification International Talent Pool and Opportunity to Lower Labour Costs Increasing globalization and competition among businesses has constantly driven operation costs to an elevated level. Additionally, the escalating competition requires organizations to have unique methods of conducting, which can best be attained by employees with distinctive talents. For this reason, the increased costs of hiring workers, as well as, the need for a highly gifted labour force, are both crucial drivers of global diversification. For example, Apple, Inc. a computer and peripherals manufacturer develops its products’ designs in California, but assembly of the products takes place in China. The same applies for many multinational companies (MNCs) which seek to lower labour and other op eration costs. This happens mainly because; labour in developed nations is more costly in comparison to that available in developing nations. Additionally, global diversification makes it possible for an organization to gain access to a labour force that is highly diverse in terms of talent and expertise, thus gaining a higher chance of succeeding in the business environment (Dastidar and Weiner, 2007, pp. 24-36). Occasionally, as certain areas of developing nations evolve and costs increase, MNCs may opt to move their operations to locations of the same nation that have not developed fully, thus continually saving on costs. In addition, a global company can get cost benefits through economies of scale. This is attainable through centralizing production processes in one or a few locations hence doing away with

Toyota Total Environment Final Bus310 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Toyota Total Environment Final Bus310 - Essay Example The political environment comprises government regulations and policies that affect the business environment of an organization. Simon Property Group is the largest real-estate company with a global presence. Being based in the United States (U.S.), the firm’s domestic environment will be influenced by regulations and government policies prevalent therein. Since the organization deals in properties, the major developments in property related regulations will affect the business. The economic environment of the company mainly constitutes the country’s gross domestic product, economic growth, unemployment rate, taxation rate and purchasing power of the consumers. Presently, the United States is facing turbulence in its GDP, but personal income of the individuals is slowly growing. Different states in the U.S. have separate taxation rates and purchasing power of consumer, which can prove either favorable or unfavorable depending upon circumstances. The social aspect of a business environment is way in which projects of an organization affect the society. Currently, consumers show concern not only about product quality, but also its impact on the surrounding. Simon Property ensures that high quality is maintained in their products (projects). They undertake genuine efforts to retain consumers with better service. Keeping in view the growing demand for malls and other entertainment zones, the company continues to invest in a large number of properties to facilitate greater satisfaction of consumers. Technological intervention in present market has become unavoidable for every organization. Companies are increasingly ensuring that they undertake technological integration in their activities. The technological environment of the U.S. as well as that of Simon Property Group is highly developed and the company has incorporated technological development in its activities as a part of the growth

Strategic Information Systems Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Strategic Information Systems - Case Study Example the investment and brand-building phase and have yet to show a profit. However, as e-businesses shift their focus (Hoffman, D.L. and Novak, T 2000) from building a customer base to increasing revenue growth and profitability, they should re-evaluate their current business strategies, if any, and develop strategies that provide a clear path to profitability. Networking and Internet technology have been successfully implemented at REI to create a very strong value chain. In the mind of the consumer, all three REI entities (seventy stores, two Web stores, and an adventure-theme travel service) can be viewed as one. E-commerce is fundamentally changing the economy and the way business is conducted. E-commerce forces companies to find new ways to expand the markets in which they compete, to attract and retain customers by tailoring products and services to their needs, and to restructure their business processes to deliver products and services more efficiently and effectively. However, despite rapid and sustained development of e-commerce, many companies doing e-business are still in the investment and brand-building phase and have yet to make a profit (Zwass 1998). ... tailoring products and services to their needs, and to restructure their business processes to deliver products and services more efficiently and effectively. However, despite rapid and sustained development of e-commerce, many companies doing e-business are still in the investment and brand-building phase and have yet to make a profit (Zwass 1998). Many e-businesses (or Internet companies) have focused on the visual attractiveness and ease of use of their Web sites as the primary method of increasing their customer base. However, as e-businesses shift their focus from building a customer base to increasing revenue growth and profitability, they should re-evaluate their current business strategies, if any, and develop strategies that provide a clear path to profitability. This study uses McCarthy's According to McCarthy (1960) and Perreault and McCarthy (1999), a firm develops its marketing strategies by first identifying the target market for its products or services. It then develops a marketing mix-a particular combination of product, price, promotion, and place (i.e., distribution and delivery functions in the supply chain) designed to enhance sales to the target market. A unique mix of these elements in a given industry allows firms to compete more effectively, thus ensuring profitability and sustainability. For example, by coordinating various product offerings and associated price discriminations with sales promotions and effective logistics, a firm can increase its sales and profit. Since the Internet has a significant impact on the makeup of this marketing mix, Internet companies should develop strategies that take the unique nature of online marketing into account.

Stragetic Management in Restaurants Research Paper

Stragetic Management in Restaurants - Research Paper Example This is an analytical research as the topic is analyzed based on the information that are already available and based on the analysis the conclusion has been formed. It has been found that all the three restaurants have several departments and each department has its own role in the business operation. It is a challenge for every restaurant to maintain cooperation with each department. The good team performance has helped the restaurants to attain high level of customer satisfaction and expansion of outlets. In literature review, the brief understanding about different aspects of team management in restaurants has been provided. In analysis chapter, the broad analysis of impact of different managerial departments and teams of Pizza Hut, KFC and Burger King have been described and in conclusion chapter the major findings about the research problem are presented. Table of Contents Executive Summary 2 Introduction 5 Opening Paragraphs 5 Thesis Statement 6 Purpose 6 Literature Review 7 G reat Team of Management in Restaurant 11 Team Development 12 Threats in Developing Management Team 15 Good Management Team of Burger King 16 Analysis 17 Analysis of Pizza Hut 17 Management Team Structure 19 Kitchen Management Team 19 Impact of Great Team of Management 21 Analysis of KFC Management Team 22 Impact of Great Team of Management 24 Analysis of Management Structure of Burger King 25 Impact of Great Team of Management 27 Conclusion 29 Summary 29 Discussion 29 References 33 Appendix 39 Introduction Opening Paragraphs The thesis will provide an understanding of the importance of great team of management in restaurant business. This thesis will provide an insight about how a team impacts on a restaurant’s performance. In every restaurant there are several departments e.g. marketing, finance, operation, front office and kitchen and every department plays a vital role for making a restaurant successful. To offer great customer service, good team spirit is needed which can work efficiently towards a common goal. There are several factors that make a good team, which are clear and precise objectives, selection of right employees, allocation of right tasks, and support from managers or leaders. Failure of any of these aspects can result in disagreement between team members. Thus, managers or leaders must ensure to maintain all divisions and team members effectively to increase the business. To accomplish the goals of the restaurant, the team must work efficiently. Thus, it is the responsibility of the leader to set the standard appropriately to encourage team performance. A proper performance appraisal and reward can motivate individual employee as well as the whole team to perform well. Big restaurant companies such as McDonald’s, KFC and Burger King have good management structures and have great teams which help to provide good customer satisfaction. In 2008, McDonald’s and Burger King were the two most preferred restaurants of America. At the present time, the restaurant business is regarded as one of the biggest industrial sectors. People prefer to eat fast food more than ever before, in the lunch as well as during breakfast. Thus, good customer satisfaction can lead to improvement in business. In a restaurant, a customer expects quality food, quick delivery, cleanliness and good behavior from employees. To meet these expectations, a good management team is needed. Effective teamwork produces greater performance; good management helps to maintain

Is Royal Mail justified in offering and promoting its direct mail Research Proposal

Is Royal Mail justified in offering and promoting its direct mail services - Research Proposal Example Under the Postal Services Act 2000, the UK government decided to introduce Postcomm as the regulator of a universal framework designed to protect the customers from unreasonable price increase of post stamps and poor quality postal services such as delayed, damaged or lost letters and parcels. (Postcomm, 2008; BBC News, 2004) As part of increasing the efficiency of post mail services throughout UK, the local government decided to open the post mailing business to other private operators. (BBC News, 2004) In line with the growing competition in the post mail industry, the researcher will answer the research question ‘Is Royal Mail justified in offering and promoting its direct mail services?’ by examining both the positive and negative impact of ‘junk mail’ under the British Royal Mail services. In the process of justifying the pros and cons of ‘junk mail’ services, the researcher will discuss the size of volume increase in direct mail; the commercial and social effects of increasing the ‘junk mail’ volume as well as the ecological effects of ‘junk mail’ services. There are pros and cons with regards to the delivery of ‘junk mail’ also known as the unsolicited or unaddressed commercial mails to households. To evaluate the benefits and consequences of junk mail, the researcher will discuss the following: According to the Local Government Association (LGA), roughly 78,000 tonnes of junk mail reaches the landfill sites each year. (Oliver, 2006) In 2005, as much as 4,002 million personal mails and 1,132 million commercial mails were distributed all over UK. (DMIS, 2006: 2) This figure reflects a 62% increase in Direct Mail in the last 10 years. (See Table I – Direct Mail Volume 1990 – 2005 on page ) The main social and commercial problem attached with the increasing volume of junk mail is the fact that not all households that constantly receive junk mail are reading the mails. As a major social consequence of increasing

Frankinstein Book Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Frankinstein Book - Essay Example As his knowledge in science increased, his passion to answer his questions increased also. As a result, he created a living thing secretly in the hope that someday, he will prove his studies to have been true after all and, that his critics were mere scholars who were afraid to indulge in the studies he pursued. Unfortunately, in contrast to what he expected, the beautiful creation he anticipated proved to be nothing but a monster which will soon make his life miserable. The monster killed people whom Frankenstein loved and adored and the once, sweet dream of the young student; became his most horrible nightmare. The story may be a work of fiction but it somehow shows readers the value not only of science but also of ethics in performing scientific experiments using the scientific method as exemplified in the story. Frankenstein’s pursuit to find answers to his questions led him to perform an experiment. Like any educated scientist, it could be said that he followed the scientific method. First, he had this unquenchable question which he knew, only natural science could answer. As the main character of the story mentioned, â€Å"†Whence, I often asked myself, did the principle of life proceed?† (Shelley) Having a problem, he then came up with a purpose and that is, to experiment on bringing life, a being from the dead parts of men. However, before he begun, he first closely observed living things and how dead animals and men decomposed. The character describes his activities, â€Å"I paused, examining and analyzing all the minutia of causations exemplified in the change from life to death, and death to life† (Shelley). He read more books on the subject of Agrippa’s principles and he also expanded his knowledge on other natural sciences such as chemistry. He was very diligent in his studies and he had extensive preparations. Frankenstein possessed and portrayed certain characteristics

Art prize Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Art prize - Essay Example For an instant, watching or viewing a play being performed live gives the viewer a different experience from when one is reading the same play from a book. In artwork exhibition, the viewer is can have a physical description of the piece. It allows a closer look for a piece of art; thus, giving a real attitude and emotional reaction to the piece and one can see it more clearly. When I attended the exhibition of at ArtPrize of Always Nowhere by Liz Roberts, I was able to broaden my horizon and gained unique insights of the piece and the diversity of cultures. The piece was in the second from of the Grand Rapids Art Museum. At the exhibition, there were quite a number of beautiful and great pieces of artworks from various artists, but Always Nowhere capture my attention for its creativity and artistic features. In the ArtPrize, I could listen to the views of other viewers on various art pieces; look at the facial expression on the pieces they were viewed in order to understand what they thought of the piece. Always Nowhere was a breathtaking piece; many viewers seemed to be carried away by this amazing piece. The pieces made me feel as though I saw something different from what I heard and read. It was the best-time-based artwork I had such high emotions of joy while viewing it. The piece gave me a peaceful and calm experience under the guidance and endorsem ent of the thematic exhibition. It was a very welcoming moment to view all this incredible piece of arts from the finest artists in the region. Always Nowhere gives me an imaginative sense of space and memory, with an impact of the presence. Always Nowhere is a road movie that depicts that no one can go anywhere. It is an experiential video sculpture, which transposes windows for screens thus evoking the dichotomies that occur when one is riding in a car (MLive 1). Through the inherently cinematic driving experience, we are together, but feeling alone - we are sited still, however, moving and

Culmination is the Zenith Essay Example for Free

Culmination is the Zenith Essay Considering the blooming of the bud to be the zenith in being the flower, in lieu with the activity conducted, Culminating Activity is bringing out the best of what the child has learnt as a unit. BHIS emphasises on Trans disciplinary curriculum which correlates every aspect of learning done in the school. It is of immense importance that education is not just textbook and classroom learning but a practical and application oriented format of learning. Culmination activities do just that. These activities correlate the various developing skills relating to intelligence, linguistic, social, physical et al. This activity is conducted twice a year . The first being during the 1st term and the 2nd in the month of March. In the month of __________________ Grd. 1 had the first culminating Activity which had Water as its theme. All the students of Grd. 1 participated in it, making sure the learning on the theme water was complete in it’s own way. Working with the children of my class I understood that through this activity the children, who might have not actively participated in the classroom sessions of Water, were seen to be doing it here and very enthusiastically. The Culminating Activity consisted of a skit, Tiddalik the Frog, followed by a song. The children also gave a brief presentation on ‘Water’. Weeks of practice made this activity a huge success in the presence of the parents. It is also apt to note that this activity though small had a great role in building confidence in the children.

Nursing Care Plan for Asthma Management

Nursing Care Plan for Asthma Management Implement and monitor using nursing care for clients with chronic health problems PART A Asthma is a chronic disease of the airways. Asthma causes the muscles in the airways to tighten and the lining of the airway becomes swollen and inflamed, producing sticky mucous. These changes cause the airways to become narrow, making it difficult to breathe. This may lead to wheezing, shortness of breath and coughing. Most people with asthma only have symptoms when they inhale a ‘trigger’ such as pollen, exercise without the right preparation, or if they catch a cold or flu. The triggers and causes for asthma symptoms vary for different people. Some common triggers are: Allergy triggers such as house dust mites, pollens, pets and moulds, wood dust, chemicals Family history of asthma Upper respiratory tract infections Hay fever or eczema Cigarette smoke Viral infections – for example, colds and flu Cold air or changes in the weather Some medicines Exercise Foods to which the child is allergic Typical asthma symptoms include: Coughing Tight feeling in the chest Wheezing – whistling noise when breathing Shortness of breath Struggling to breathe During an asthma attack, people often experience difficulty breathing. This occurs because persons’ airways get swollen and narrower and it becomes a lot harder for air to get in and out of the lungs. Sometimes the swollen airways produce extra mucus, which may clog up the airways of your lungs which makes it even more difficult to breath. It can feel like the person is breathing through a straw. A person with asthma may also wheeze (a whistling sound when he or she Asthma can take a psychological as well as a physical toll on a persons life. Factors that contribute to the psychological effects of asthma include the severity of the illness and the extent to which activities are limited by the disease, the quality of social and family support available, the age at which the disease began the persons knowledge about the illness and the sufferers coping style, skills and overall personality. For most people, it is uncomfortable to have feelings of being different from other family members, friends or classmates. In social situations, people with asthma may feel self-conscious about using an inhaler or having to be careful to avoid triggers that can set off an asthma attack. The desire to fit in can lead people with asthma to ignore their disease or fail to take care of it properly. This is the case with Jason as he prefers not to take his ventolin in front of his classmates as it makes him feel â€Å"different†. This is an issue as he suffers from frequent severe episodes of asthma which requires him to take his medicine appropriately otherwise his health will be jeopardize. Chronic asthma doesn’t just affect the person with the condition, it also affects their family. Major changes in schedules and priorities must be made to manage the family, work and the life of child which can cause great stress. Parents may struggle with taking time off to care for Jason when he is unwell or needs to attend one of his frequent medical appointments. His activities may be limited, and, in many cases, their families must change how they live to accommodate the child. As for Jason, his school and social inclusion may be restricted. He may feel excluded from their school friends if they cannot take part in games, sports and social activities. Because of his chronic illness, Jason will feel different than other children which have caused him to not take his ventolin. If the chronic asthma is not managed properly, Jason’s quality of life will be impacted. The condition can lead to fatigue, underperformance or absence from school due to medical appointments or hospitalisation, psychological problems, including stress, anxiety and depression. PART B Nursing Care Plan (Diagnosis, Planning, Intervention) Diagnoses Goals/Expected Outcomes Intervention Ineffective airway clearance related to airway spasm, secretion retention, amount of mucus. The patient is able to demonstrate deep coughing to assist in clearing the airway. The patient’s airway is patent and free of secretions, as evidenced by clear lung sounds, and ability to effectively cough up secretions after treatments and deep breaths teachings. Patient will verbalize understanding that allergens like dust, fumes, animal fur, pollen, and extremes oftemperature and humidity are irritants or factors that can contribute to ineffective airway clearance and should be avoided 1. Airway management by freeing the airway through suction, monitoring the chest wall retraction and respiratory rate. 2. Listen to lung sounds monitor oxygen delivery. 3. Assess colour, consistency and amount of sputum. 4. Encourage deep coughing/breathing 5. Educate client on the different factors that can trigger that can cause asthma attacks Ineffective breathing pattern related to chest wall distention, and fatigue due to increased work of breathing. Demonstrates effective coughing and clear breath sounds; is free of cyanosis and dyspnoea. Patients breathing pattern is maintained as evidenced by: eupnoea, normal skin colour, and regular respiratory rate/pattern. Patient will be able to verbalize the understanding of appropriate measures to maintain a patent airway at all times by discharge. 1. Monitor the frequency, rhythm and depth of breathing. 2. Encourage deep coughing/breathing 3. Position the clients chest semi-Fowler position. 4. Distract people from thinking about the state of anxiety and teach how to breathe effectively. 5. Reassure the client and give support when dyspnoea. Activity intolerance Patient will demonstrate skill in conserving energy while carrying out activities of daily living (ADLs). Patient will have no shortness of breath, weakness and fatigue on exertion. Report/demonstrate a measurable increase in tolerance to activity 1. Energy management by determining the causes of fatigue, monitoring respiratory (respiration, dyspnoea, pallor) 2. Monitor response of breathing during activity; assess abnormal response in respiration, blood pressure, pulse. 3. Evaluate patient’s response to activity. 4.Help clients choose the activities that can be done 5. Explain importance of rest in treatment plan and necessity for balancing activities with rest. d) Evaluation Ineffective airway clearance related to airway spasm, secretion retention, amount of mucus Once all nursing intervention actions have taken place, the nurse completes an evaluation to determine of the goals for patient wellness have been met. Goals/Expected Outcomes Evaluation The patient’s airway is patent and free of secretions, as evidenced by clear lung sounds, and ability to effectively cough up secretions after treatments and deep breaths teachings. You will need to access the airway manually and note any obstructions. If patient requires suction, re-access the airway and listen to lung sounds to see whether it is clear or not. Note any breathing sounds such as wheezing as this could indicate an obstruction. You will also need to monitor the chest wall retraction and respiratory rate. Assess and evaluate changes in vital signs and temperature routinely as per require. Tachycardia and hypertension may be related to increased work of breathing. Fever may develop in response to retained secretions/atelectasis. Note presence of sputum; assess quality, colour, amount, odour, and consistency. May be a result of infection, bronchitis, chronic smoking, and others. A sign of infection is discoloured sputum (no longer clear or white); an odour may be present. The patient is able to demonstrate deep coughing to assist in clearing the airway. Assess cough for effectiveness and productivity note the technique and the position of the patient. Patient should be sitting up right to promote full expansion of the thorax. Consider possible causes for ineffective cough: respiratory muscle fatigue, severe bronchospasm, thick secretions, and others. Patient will verbalize understanding that allergens like dust, fumes, animal fur, pollen, and extremes oftemperature and humidity are irritants or factors that can contribute to ineffective airway clearance and should be avoided Ask the patient to provide examples of allergens that can irritate the airways and factors that can contribute to ineffective airway clearance. If the patient is unable to state the factors, the nurse will need to educate and provide appropriate information. Patient education will vary depending on the information stated as well as the patients cognitive level. Client Education Asthma self-management education is essential to the control of asthma and should be encouraged to all patients to take responsibility for his or her own care. If asthma symptoms are controlled, the patient should have fewer exacerbations, a higher quality of life, lower costs, slower progression of airway from inflammation, less morbidity, and lower risk of death from asthma. Patient asthma education can also improve beyond symptom control, such as patient knowledge about asthma and patient satisfaction and feeling of self-control. Other benefits include reduced school absences or work days, fewer exacerbations, restrictions on activities, and emergency-department visits. The burden of living with asthma can also result in depression and anxiety for the patient and/or family, and these psychological changes can compromise asthma control. Children will asthma are likely to feel embarrassed of their condition and may suffer low self-esteem. If the parent’s stress, social isolation, or anxiety increases, the likelihood of poor asthma control in the child increases. However with proper education, psychological factors such as low self-esteem, isolation and anxiety can also be managed. Parents can help an asthmatic child avoid embarrassment by asking the school teacher and/or counsellor to support and encourage the child. Having a school nurse, teacher or outside educator talk to the students in the class about asthma can also be quite helpful. The more informed the children are about the illness, the less likely they will be to tease a child with asthma. One other way for people with asthma to feel less anxious is to educate others about it. They can empower themselves by becoming an expert in the illness. When they share information with family members, friends, fellow students and co-workers, everyone benefits and becomes more understanding about what its like to live with asthma. Community Resources available Asthma Australia Asthma Australia and member Foundations deliver high quality support to people with asthma and their careers. They offer support, training and resources to the primary health care sector and when treatment is required they ensure patients and their careers have the skills, information and power to be actively engaged in the decision making process. http://www.asthmaaustralia.org.au/Children_and_asthma.aspx National Asthma Council Australia To improve the quality of life and health outcomes of people with asthma and their careers, reduce the social and economic impact of asthma on the community and reduce the prevalence of asthma in the Australian community http://www.nationalasthma.org.au/ The Asthma Foundation of Victoria (Support Group) Provide services to help people manage their Asthma and provide the whole Victorian community with an excellent service based on asthma advice, information and programs http://www.asthma.org.au/ The Australian Lung Foundation (Victorian Support Groups) To provide caring, support and information for those with lung disease/s and for their careers and families. http://www.lungnet.com.au/